This clinical practice guideline (CPG) is based on the consensus of current clinical
practice and review of the clinical literature. The guideline was developed by the
Clinical Practice Guideline Pediatric Flatfoot Panel of the American College of Foot
and Ankle Surgeons. The guideline and references annotate each node of the corresponding
pathways.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to The Journal of Foot and Ankle SurgeryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Children's foot problems.Orthop Clin North Am. 1982; 13: 641-654
- Pedal manifestations of musculoskeletal disease in children.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1998; 15: 481-497
- The oblique talus deformity. What is it, and what is its clinical significance in the scheme of pronatory deformities?.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17: 419-442
- Foot pain.Orthopade. 1999; 28: 173-179
- Foot problems in children. Part 1. Vertical and oblique talus.Instr Course Outline. 1985; 31: 235-251
- Vertical and oblique talus.Orthop Trans. 1977; 1: 108
- Pediatric flatfoot.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999; 7: 44-53
- Skewfoot.Orthopade. 1986; 15: 174-183
- Risk factors that may adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17: 397-417
- Correction of the hypermobile flatfoot by the subtalar arthroeresis procedure.Mil Med. 1985; 150: 546-548
- Pediatric flatfoot.Orthopade. 1986; 15: 199-204
- Insole management of pediatric flatfoot.Orthopade. 1986; 15: 205-211
- Determining treatment of flatfeet in children.Curr Opin Pediatr. 1998; 10: 77-81
- Planovalgus foot deformity. Current status.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1999; 89: 94-99
- Anterior calcaneal osteotomy for symptomatic juvenile pes planus.Foot Ankle. 1984; 4: 274-283
- Combination of Evans calcaneal osteotomy and STA-Peg arthroereisis for correction of the severe pes valgo planus deformity.J Foot Ankle Surg. 1999; 38: 339-346
- Combined technique for surgical correction of pediatric severe flexible flatfoot.J Foot Ankle Surg. 1995; 34: 183-194
- Surgical treatment of the symptomatic juvenile flexible flatfoot condition.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1987; 4: 99-117
- Symptomatic juvenile flatfoot condition.J Foot Ankle Surg. 1995; 34: 135-145
- Evans calcaneal osteotomy for flexible pes valgus deformity. A preliminary study.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1987; 4: 137-151
- Surgical treatment of the child's and adolescent's flexible flatfoot.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17: 515-530
- Arthrorisis by means of a subtalar polyethylene peg implant for correction of hindfoot pronation in children.Clin Orthop. 1983; 181: 15-23
- The Smith STA-peg operation for hypermobile pes planovalgus in children.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1985; 75: 177-183
- Flake-Austin modification of the STA-Peg arthroereisis.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001; 91: 394-405
- Use of the Maxwell-Brancheau arthroereisis implant for the correction of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1999; 16: 479-489
- A modified subtalar arthroereisis implant for the correction of flexible flatfoot in children. The STA Peg procedure.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1989; 6: 585-590
- Subtalar arthrorisis and associated procedures.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1997; 14: 87-98
- Subtalar arthroereisis for the correction of planovalgus foot in children with neuromuscular disorders.J Pediatr Orthop. 1998; 18: 294-298
- Bilateral intraosseous cystic formation in the talus.J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998; 37: 421-425
- The Smith STA-peg.J Foot Ankle Surg. 1993; 32: 27-33
- Foot and ankle problems.Orthop Clin North Am. 1987; 18: 649-666
- Subtalar arthroereisis.J Foot Surg. 1988; 27: 157-161
- Johnson Memorial Lecture. Operative treatment of the flatfoot.Foot Ankle Int. 1998; 19: 52-58
- Subtalar arthroereisis in the neurologically normal child.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17: 443-457
- Subtalar arthroereisis. Valente procedure.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1987; 4: 153-161
- Treatment of congenital convex pes valgus with navicular excision and subtalar arthroereisis.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2001; 40: 166-171
- Review of postoperative results of the subtalar arthrorisis operation.J Foot Surg. 1984; 23: 253-260
- Sta-Peg arthroereisis for treatment of the planovalgus foot in cerebral palsy.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17: 459-469
- A two-stage stabilization procedure for correction of calcaneocavus.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956; 38A: 1247-1253
- Long term follow-up of medial column fusion and tibialis anterior transposition for adolescent flatfoot deformity.Iowa Orthop J. 1997; 17: 121-129
- The high incidence of foot deformity in patients with high level spina bifida.J Bone Joint Surg. 1994; 76B: 548-550
- Congenital paralytic vertical talus. An anatomical study.J Bone Joint Surg. 1975; 57A: 842-847
- Congenital and acquired orthopedic abnormalities in patients with myelomeningocele.Radiographics. 1992; 12: 1155-1173
- Orthopaedic aspects of prune belly syndrome.J Pediatr Orthop. 1993; 13: 496-501
- Orthopedic manifestations in de Barsy syndrome.J Pediatr Orthop. 1994; 14: 60-62
- Distal arthrogryposis type 1.Am J Med Genet. 1996; 65: 282-285
- Foot and ankle deformities in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.Clin Orthop. 1985; 194: 93-98
- Congenital metacarpotalar syndrome.Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1981; 10: 434-441
- Split hand/split foot malformation associated with sensorineural deafness, inner and middle ear malformations, hypodontia, congenital vertical talus, and deletion of eight microsatellite markers in 7q21.1-q21.3.J Med Genet. 2001; 38: 495-499
- Association of external auditory canal atresia, vertical talus, and hypertelorism.Am J Med Genet. 2002; 110: 178-181
- Inherited congenital bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, congenital bilateral vertical talus and increased interocular distance.Acta Otolaryngol. 1979; 88: 296-302
- Single-stage surgical correction of congenital vertical talus.J Pediatr Orthop. 1999; 19: 42-48
- Congenital convex talus. Methods and results of a single-stage surgical correction.Rev Chir Orthop Reparatice Appar Mot. 1995; 81: 527-537
- Treatment of the congenital vertical talus.Foot Ankle. 1987; 7: 326-332
- Congenital vertical talus.J Pediatr Orthop. 1984; 4: 318-326
- Vertical Talus.Magy Traumatol Orthop Helyreallito Serb. 1991; 34: 319-323
- Congenital vertical talus.Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1978; 39: 165-179
- Congenital vertical talus and its familial occurrence.Clin Orthop. 1979; 139: 128-132
- Early surgical treatment of congenital vertical talus.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1994; 113: 248-253
- Surgical treatment of congenital convex pes valgus.J Formos Med Assoc. 1997; 96: 424-428
- Single stage surgical correction of congenital vertical talus by complete subtalar release and peritalar reduction by using the Cincinnati incision.J Pediatr Orthop B. 2002; 11: 60-67
- Congenital vertical talus with a talocalcaneal coalition.J Bone Joint Surg. 1996; 78B: 326-327
- Autosomal dominant transmission of isolated congenital vertical talus.Iowa Orthop J. 2002; 22: 25-27
- Autosomal dominant transmission of isolated congenital vertical talus.Clin Genet. 1989; 36: 427-430
- Congenital convex pes valgus.Foot Ankle. 1980; 1: 62-73
- Congenital vertical talus.Foot Ankle. 1985; 5: 198-204
- Congenital flat foot.Acta Orthop Belg. 1992; 58: 406-410
- Congenital convex clubfoot.Int Orthop. 1984; 8: 211-221
- Congenital vertical talus.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000; 17: 471-480
- Congenital vertical talus.J Pediatr Orthop. 1983; 3: 306-310
- Enigma of pediatric vertical talus deformity.J Foot Surg. 1990; 29: 452-458
- Ultrasound diagnosis of congenital foot deformities.Orthopade. 2002; 31: 326-327
- Sonographic diagnosis of the juvenile tarsus. Clinical application possibilities demonstrated by examples.Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1995; 133: 43-49
- Sonography of the nonossified tarsal navicular cartilage in an infant with congenital vertical talus.Pedtatr Radiol. 1989; 20: 134-135
- Diseases of the musculoskeletal system in children.Am J Roentgenol. 1992; 158: 729-741
- Congenital vertical talus and congenital calcaneovalgus deformity.J Foot Surg. 1981; 20: 189-193
- Clinical presentation of congenital convex pes valgus.J Foot Ankle Surg. 1995; 34: 146-152
- The treatment of congenital vertical talus.J Bone Joint Surg. 1979; 61B: 481-483
- Congenital vertical talus.Orthopedics. 1990; 13: 1233-1236
- Early one-stage reconstruction of congenital vertical talus.Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18: 525-543
- Congenital vertical talus. The results of staged operative reduction.J Bone Joint Surg. 1985; 67B: 117-121
- Surgical correction of congenital vertical talus under the age of 2 years.J Pediatr Orthop. 1987; 7: 405-411
- The complete subtalar release in clubfeet.Orthop Clin North Am. 1987; 18: 667-688
- Congenital vertical talus.J Bone Joint Surg. 1977; 59A: 816-824
- Treatment of congenital convex pes valgus with navicular excision and subtalar arthroeresis.J Foot Ankle Surg. 2001; 40: 166-171
- Naviculectomy for congenital vertical talus.Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1976; 37: 77-97
- Results of surgical peritalar release with elongation of the lateral column of the foot in treatment of congenital vertical talus.Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1993; 58: 189-193
- The Grice extraarticular subtalar arthrodesis.J Pediatr Orthop. 1985; 5: 442-445
- Congenital vertical talus.J Pediatr Orthop B. 1995; 4: 179-187
- Tarsal coalition.Foot Ankle Int. 1996; 17: 286-296
- Tarsal coalitions.Foot Ankle Clin. 2002; 5: 103-117
- Success of calcaneonavicular coalition resection in the adult population.Foot Ankle Int. 1996; 17: 569-572
- Rigid flatfoot.Clin Orthop. 1977; 122: 77-84
- Treatment of symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition.J Bone Joint Surg. 1987; 69A: 533-539
- Tarsal coalition.Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001; 13: 29-35
- The inheritance of tarsal coalition and its relationship to spastic flat foot.J Bone Joint Surg. 1974; 56B: 520-526
- Tarsal coalitions and peroneal spastic flat foot. A review.J Bone Joint Surg. 1984; 66A: 976-984
- Tarsal coalition.in: Drennan J.C. The Child's Foot and Ankle. Raven Press, New York1992: 169
- Excision of symptomatic coalition of the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint.J Bone Joint Surg. 1987; 69A: 538-544
- Subtalar coalition.Radiology. 1994; 193: 847-851
- Diagnosis and management of peroneal spastic flatfoot.Instr Course Lect. 1975; 24: 93-103
- Tarsal coalition—review and update.Instr Course Lect. 1982; 31: 264-271
- Tarsal coalition.Pediatric Radiology. 1998; 28: 612-616
- Features of calcaneonavicular coalition on coronal computed tomography.Skeletal Radiol. 2000; 29: 409-412
- A dissection and computer tomograph study of tarsal coalitions in 100 cadaver feet.J Orthop Res. 2003; 21: 352-358
- Computerized tomography of talocalcaneal tarsal coalition.Foot Ankle. 1896; 6: 273-288
- Computed tomographic imaging of the foot and ankle. Developmental and congenital anomalies.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2000; 90: 223-233
- Talocalcaneal coalition.Eur J Radiol. 1992; 15: 22-25
- Diagnosis of tarsal coalition with computed tomography.Clin Orthop July. 1986; 208: 282-288
- The relationship of tarsal coalitions to ankle sprains in athletes.Am J Sports Med. 1981; 9: 313-317
- Evaluation of tarsal coalition by computed tomography.J Pediatr Orthop. 1984; 4: 365-369
- Computed tomography in suspected tarsal coalition. Examination of 26 cases.Acta Orthop Scand. 1990; 61: 554-557
- Current status of magnetic resonance imaging of the ankle and hindfoot.Can J Radiol. 1992; 43: 19-30
- Congenital tarsal coalition.Radiographics. 2000; 20: 321-332
- Tarsal coalition.J Foot Surg. 1990; 29: 474-488
- Tarsal coalition.Radiology. 1994; 193: 447-452
- The bone scan in tarsal coalition.Pediatric Radiology. 1996; 26: 754-756
- Computed tomography and bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of tarsal coalition.Radiology. 1982; 144: 137-140
- Radionuclide bone scanning in subtalar coalitions & differential considerations.Am J Roentgenol. 1982; 138: 427-432
- Tarsal coalition in the young athlete.Am J Sports Med. 1986; 14: 477-480
- Etiology of peroneal spastic flatfoot.J Bone Joint Surg. 1948; 30B: 624-634
- Surgical management of tarsal coalition in adolescent athletes.Foot Ankle. 1986; 7: 183-193
- Tarsal coalition and its relationship to peroneal spastic flatfoot.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1986; 76: 76-80
- Congenital synostoses of the tarsus. Concept, classification, diagnosis and therapeutic approach.Rev Med Univ Navarra. 2001; 45: 43-52
- Tarsal coalition.Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001; 13: 29-35
- Talocalcaneal coalition and new causes of peroneal spastic flatfoot.Clin Orthop. 1972; 85: 16-22
- The flatfoot in children—pes planovalgus.Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 1988; 55: 536-548
- Examination and management of a patient with tarsal coalition.Phys Ther. 1998; 78: 518-525
- Tarsal coalitions.J Foot Surg. 1981; 20: 214-221
- A comparative study of the clinical presentation of tarsal coalitions.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1988; 5: 341-357
- Symptomatic flatfoot. Etiology and diagnosis.J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1983; 73: 393-399
- The relative incidence of tarsal coalition.Clin Orthop. 1983; 181: 28-36
- Pediatric peroneal spastic flatfoot in the absence of coalition. A suggested protocol.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998; 88: 181-191
- Rheumatoid arthritis-induced peroneal spastic flatfoot.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1987; 77: 185-187
- Peroneal spastic flatfoot syndrome.South Med J. 1976; 69: 807-809
- Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor disease) presenting as peroneal spastic flatfoot deformity.Foot Ankle. 1991; 12: 55-58
- Association of slipped upper femoral epiphysis and peroneal spastic flatfoot.J Pediatr Orthop. 1991; 11: 220-221
- Clubfoot controversies.Instr Course Lect. 1996; 45: 339-346
- Ilizarov management of clubfoot deformity in young children.in: Myerson M.S. Foot and Ankle Clinics. Saunders, Philadelphia1998
- Congenital clubfoot.J Bone Joint Surg. 1963; 45A: 82-94
- Congenital Clubfoot—Fundamentals of Treatment.New York, Oxford University Press1966
- The Clubfoot.Springer-Verlag, New York1994
- Residual deformities following the treatment of idiopathic talipes equinovarus.in: Myerson M.S. Foot and Ankle Clinics. Saunders, Philadelphia1998
- Complications of the treatment of clubfoot.Clin Orthop. 1972; 84: 93-96
- Complex Foot Deformities in Children. Lea and Febringer, Philadelphia1983
- Congenital vertical and oblique talus.in: Myerson M.S. Foot and Ankle Clinics. Saunders, Philadelphia1998
- Congenital convex pes valgus. The condition and its treatment.Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1987; 4: 163-173
- Congenital convex pes valgus.Orthop Clin North Am. 1972; 3: 131-148
- Metatarsus adductus and skewfoot.Instr Course Lect. 1994; 43: 161-177
- Flexible flatfoot and skewfoot.Instr Course Lect. 1996; 45: 347-354
- Skewfoot.J Pediatr Orthop. 2002; 22: 130-133
- Congenital metatarsus adductus.J Bone Joint Surg. 1970; 52A: 67-70
- The natural history of hooked forefoot.J Bone Joint Surg. 1978; 60B: 530-532
- Calcaneal lengthening for valgus deformity of the hindfoot. Results in children who had severe, symptomatic flatfoot and skewfoot.J Bone Joint Surg. 1995; 77A: 500-512
- Radiological case study.Orthopedics. 1997; 20: 727-730
- Skewfoot.J Pediatr Orthop. 1986; 6: 24-30
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2004 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
